Multitasking in Euphoria Introduction Euphoria allows you to set up multiple, independent tasks. Each task has its own current statement that it is executing, its own call stack, and its own set of private variables. Tasks run in parallel with each other. That is, before any given task completes its work, other tasks can be given a chance to execute. Euphoria's task scheduler decides which task should be active at any given time. Why Multitask? Most programs do not need to use multitasking and would not benefit from it. However it is very useful in some cases: Action games where numerous characters, projectiles etc. need to be displayed in a realistic way, as if they are all independent of one another. Language War is a good example. Situations where your program must sometimes wait for input from a human or other computer. While one task in your program is waiting, another separate task could be doing some computation, disk search, etc. Windows, Linux and FreeBSD all have special API routines that let you initiate some I/O, and then proceed without waiting for it to finish. A task could check periodically to see if the I/O is finished, while another task is performing some useful computation, or is perhaps starting another I/O operation. Situations where your program might be called upon to serve many users simultaneously. With multiple tasks, it's easy to keep track of the state of your interaction with all these separate users. Perhaps you can divide your program into two logical processes, and have a task for each. One produces data and stores it, while the other reads the data and processes it. Maybe the first process is time-critical, since it interacts with the user, while the second process can be executed during lulls in the action, where the user is thinking or doing something that doesn't require quick response. Types of Tasks Euphoria supports two types of tasks: real-time tasks, and time-share tasks. Real-time tasks are scheduled at intervals, specified by a number of seconds or fractions of a second. You might schedule one real-time task to be activated every 3 seconds, while another is activated every 0.1 seconds. In Language War, when the Euphoria ship moves at warp 4, or a torpedo flies across the screen, it's important that they move at a steady, timed pace. Time-share tasks need a share of the CPU but they needn't be rigidly scheduled according to any clock. The 4 sorting tasks in the demo\dos32\tasksort.ex demo, share the CPU, but it isn't important that they be scheduled at a particular time. It's possible to reschedule a task at any time, changing its timing or its slice of the CPU. You can even convert a task from one type to the other dynamically. A Small Example This example shows the main task (which all Euphoria programs start off with) creating two additional real-time tasks. We call them real-time because they are scheduled to get control every few seconds. You should try copy/pasting and running this example. You'll see that task 1 gets control every 2.5 to 3 seconds, while task 2 gets control every 5 to 5.1 seconds. In between, the main task (task 0), has control as it checks for a 'q' character to abort execution.
    constant TRUE = 1, FALSE = 0

    type boolean(integer x)

    	return x = 0 or x = 1

    end type

    boolean t1_running, t2_running

    procedure task1(sequence message)

    	for i = 1 to 10 do

    		printf(1, "task1 (%d) %s\n", {i, message})

    		task_yield()

    	end for

    	t1_running = FALSE

    end procedure

    procedure task2(sequence message)

    	for i = 1 to 10 do

    		printf(1, "task2 (%d) %s\n", {i, message})

    		task_yield()

    	end for

    	t2_running = FALSE

    end procedure

    puts(1, "main task: start\n")

    atom t1, t2

    t1 = task_create(routine_id("task1"), {"Hello"})

    t2 = task_create(routine_id("task2"), {"Goodbye"})

    task_schedule(t1, {2.5, 3})

    task_schedule(t2, {5, 5.1})

    t1_running = TRUE

    t2_running = TRUE

    while t1_running or t2_running do

    	if get_key() = 'q' then

    		exit

    	end if

    	task_yield()

    end while

    puts(1, "main task: stop\n")

    -- program ends when main task is finished
Comparison with earlier multitasking schemes In earlier releases of Euphoria, Language War already had a mechanism for multitasking, and some people submitted to User Contributions their own multitasking schemes. These were all implemented using plain Euphoria code, whereas this new multitasking feature is built into the interpreter. Under the old Language War tasking scheme a scheduler would *call* a task, which would eventually have to *return* to the scheduler, so it could then dispatch the next task. In the new system, a task can call the built-in procedure task_yield() at any point, perhaps many levels deep in subroutine calls, and the scheduler, which is now part of the interpreter, will be able to transfer control to any other task. When control comes back to the original task, it will resume execution at the statement after task_yield(), with its call stack and all private variables intact. Each task has its own call stack, program counter (i.e. current statement being executed), and private variables. You might have several tasks all executing a routine at the same time, and each task will have its own set of private variable values for that routine. Global and local variables are shared between tasks. It's fairly easy to take any piece of code and run it as a task. Just insert a few task_yield() statements so it won't hog the CPU. Comparison with multithreading When people talk about threads, they are usually referring to a mechanism provided by the operating system. That's why we prefer to use the term "multitasking". Threads are generally "pre-emptive", whereas Euphoria multitasking is "cooperative". With preemptive threads, the operating system can force a switch from one thread to another at virtually any time. With cooperative multitasking, each task decides when to give up the CPU and let another task get control. If a task were "greedy" it could keep the CPU for itself for long intervals. However since a program is written by one person or group that wants the program to behave well, it would be silly for them to favor one task like that. They will try to balance things in a way that works well for the user. An operating system might be running many threads, and many programs, that were written by different people, and it would be useful to enforce a reasonable degree of sharing on these programs. Preemption makes sense across the whole operating system. It makes far less sense within one program. Furthermore, threading is notorious for causing subtle bugs. Nasty things can happen when a task loses control at just the wrong moment. It may have been updating a global variable when it loses control and leaves that variable in an inconsistent state. Something as trivial as incrementing a variable can go awry if a thread-switch happens at the wrong moment. e.g. consider two threads. One has: x = x + 1 and the other also has: x = x + 1 At the machine level, the first task loads the value of x into a register, then loses control to the second task which increments x and stores the result back into x in memory. Eventually control goes back to the first task which also increments x *using the value of x in the register*, and then stores it into x in memory. So x has only been incremented once instead of twice as was intended. To avoid this problem, each thread would need something like: lock x x = x + 1 unlock x where lock and unlock would be special primitives that are safe for threading. It's often the case that programmers forget to lock data, but their program seems to run ok. Then one day, many months after they've written the code, the program crashes mysteriously. Cooperative multitasking is much safer, and requires far fewer expensive locking operations. Tasks relinquish control at safe points once they have completed a logical operation. Built-in Multitasking Routines All of these routines are built-in to Euphoria, so it's not necessary to include any library file.
task_create | - | Call this to create a new task. You need to pass the routine id of a Euphoria procedure, as well as a list of initial arguments to pass to the procedure. This is the main procedure for the task. Tasks are always procedures, since it doesn't make sense for a task to return a value (no other task is waiting for it). task_create() will return a task id (a small integer). Use this task id to identify the task to the other multitasking routines below. Note that all Euphoria programs start off with one initial task running.
task_yield | - | A task calls this to yield control, so the Euphoria scheduler can pick a new task to run. A task should call this often enough to avoid hogging the CPU, but should not call it so often that much time is wasted on scheduling. To avoid corruption of data structures, a task should try to complete a logical step before giving up control. It's possible that the scheduler will decide to keep running the same task in which case a quick return from task_yield() will occur with no other task getting control.
task_schedule | - | Schedule a task for execution. After a task is created, it is necessary to schedule it, otherwise it will never run. There are two main ways of scheduling a task. One way specifies a real-time timing interval, min...max. This tells the scheduler that the task must (if possible) be scheduled to run a minimum of min seconds from now, and a maximum of max seconds from now. Subsequent runs of the task will also wait for min/max seconds. So you might say that a task must run every 3.5 to 4.0 seconds. The second way uses a time-sharing system where a task can execute task_yield() a certain number of times before it must give up the CPU. So one task might be allowed 10 task_yields, where another, perhaps lower priority task must give up the CPU on every task_yield(), if possible.
task_list | - | Get a list of all tasks
task_self | - | Return the task id of the current task
task_status | - | Get the current status (active, suspended, terminated) of a task
task_suspend | - | Suspend a task until further notice.
task_clock_start | - | Restart the scheduler's clock. Used in games where the real time clock must be preserved during a stoppage.
task_clock_stop | - | stop the scheduler's clock