8.5 Bytes, Characters, and Encodings

► |  | The Racket Guide

1 | Welcome to Racket
2 | Racket Essentials
3 | Built-In Datatypes
4 | Expressions and Definitions
5 | Programmer-Defined Datatypes
6 | Modules
7 | Contracts
8 | Input and Output
9 | Regular Expressions
10 | Exceptions and Control
11 | Iterations and Comprehensions
12 | Pattern Matching
13 | Classes and Objects
14 | Units
15 | Reflection and Dynamic Evaluation
16 | Macros
17 | Creating Languages
18 | Concurrency and Synchronization
19 | Performance
20 | Parallelism
21 | Running and Creating Executables
22 | More Libraries
23 | Dialects of Racket and Scheme
24 | Command-Line Tools and Your Editor of Choice
| Bibliography
| Index

▼ | 8 | Input and Output

8.1 | Varieties of Ports
8.2 | Default Ports
8.3 | Reading and Writing Racket Data
8.4 | Datatypes and Serialization
8.5 | Bytes, Characters, and Encodings
8.6 | I/ O Patterns

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### 8.5 Bytes, Characters, and Encodings🔗ℹ

Functions like read-line, read, display, and write all work in terms of characters (which correspond to Unicode scalar values). Conceptually, they are implemented in terms of read-char and write-char.

More primitively, ports read and write bytes, instead of characters. The functions read-byte and write-byte read and write raw bytes. Other functions, such as read-bytes-line, build on top of byte operations instead of character operations.

In fact, the read-char and write-char functions are conceptually implemented in terms of read-byte and write-byte. When a single byte’s value is less than 128, then it corresponds to an ASCII character. Any other byte is treated as part of a UTF-8 sequence, where UTF-8 is a particular standard way of encoding Unicode scalar values in bytes (which has the nice property that ASCII characters are encoded as themselves). Thus, a single read-char may call read-byte multiple times, and a single write-char may generate multiple output bytes.

The read-char and write-char operations always use a UTF-8 encoding. If you have a text stream that uses a different encoding, or if you want to generate a text stream in a different encoding, use reencode-input-port or reencode-output-port. The reencode-input-port function converts an input stream from an encoding that you specify into a UTF-8 stream; that way, read-char sees UTF-8 encodings, even though the original used a different encoding. Beware, however, that read-byte also sees the re-encoded data, instead of the original byte stream.

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