# Crypt::SSLeay - OpenSSL support for LWP ## Synopsis lwp-request https://www.example.com use LWP::UserAgent; my $ua = LWP::UserAgent->new; my $response = $ua->get('https://www.example.com/'); print $response->content, "\n"; ## Description this Perl module provides support for the HTTPS protocol under LWP, to allow an "LWP::UserAgent" object to perform GET, HEAD and POST requests. Please see LWP for more information on POST requests. The "Crypt::SSLeay" package provides "Net::SSL", which is loaded by "LWP::Protocol::https" for https requests and provides the necessary SSL glue. This distribution also makes following deprecated modules available: Crypt::SSLeay::CTX Crypt::SSLeay::Conn Crypt::SSLeay::X509 Work on Crypt::SSLeay has been continued only to provide https support for the LWP (libwww-perl) libraries. ## Environment Variables the following environment variables change the way "Crypt::SSLeay" and "Net::SSL" behave. ### Proxy Support $ENV{HTTPS_PROXY} = 'http://proxy_hostname_or_ip:port'; ### Proxy Basic Authentication $ENV{HTTPS_PROXY_USERNAME} = 'username'; $ENV{HTTPS_PROXY_PASSWORD} = 'password'; ### SSL Diagnostics and Debugging $ENV{HTTPS_DEBUG} = 1; ### Default SSL Version $ENV{HTTPS_VERSION} = '3'; ### Client Certificate Support $ENV{HTTPS_CERT_FILE} = 'certs/notacacert.pem'; $ENV{HTTPS_KEY_FILE} = 'certs/notacakeynopass.pem'; ### CA cert peer verification $ENV{HTTPS_CA_FILE} = 'certs/ca-bundle.crt'; $ENV{HTTPS_CA_DIR} = 'certs/'; ### Client PKCS12 cert support $ENV{HTTPS_PKCS12_FILE} = 'certs/pkcs12.pkcs12'; $ENV{HTTPS_PKCS12_PASSWORD} = 'PKCS12_PASSWORD'; ## Installation ### OpenSSL You must have OpenSSL installed before compiling this module. You can get the latest OpenSSL package from . We no longer support pre-2000 versions of OpenSSL. If you are building OpenSSL from source, please follow the directions included in the package. If you are going to use an OpenSSL library which you built from source or whose header and library files are not in a place searched by your compiler by default, make sure you set appropriate environment variables before trying to build `Crypt::SSLeay`. For example, if you are using ActiveState Perl and MinGW installed using ppm, and you installed OpenSSL in `C:\opt\openssl-1.0.1c`, then you would issue the following commands to build `Crypt::SSLeay`: C:\temp\Crypt-SSLeay> set LIBRARY_PATH=C:\opt\openssl-1.0.1c\lib;%LIBRARY_PATH% C:\temp\Crypt-SSLeay> set CPATH=C:\opt\openssl-1.0.1c\include;%CPATH% C:\temp\Crypt-SSLeay> perl Makefile.PL --live-tests C:\temp\Crypt-SSLeay> dmake test On Linux/BSD/Solaris/GNU etc systems, you would use `make` rather than `dmake`, but you would need to set the same variables if your OpenSSL library is in a custom location. If everything builds OK, but you get failures when during tests, ensure that `LD_LIBRARY_PATH` points to the location where the correct shared libraries are located. If you are using a Microsoft compiler (keep in mind that `perl` and OpenSSL need to have been built using the same compiler as well), you would use: C:\temp\Crypt-SSLeay> set LIB=C:\opt\openssl-1.0.1c\lib;%LIB% C:\temp\Crypt-SSLeay> set INCLUDE=C:\opt\openssl-1.0.1c\include;%INCLUDE% C:\temp\Crypt-SSLeay> perl Makefile.PL --live-tests C:\temp\Crypt-SSLeay> nmake test Depending on your OS, pre-built OpenSSL packages may be available. You may need to install a development version of your operating system's OpenSSL library package. The key is that Crypt::SSLeay makes calls to the OpenSSL library, and how to do so is specified in the C header files that come with the library. Some systems break out the header files into a separate package from that of the libraries. Once the program has been built, you don't need the headers any more. ### `Crypt::SSLeay` The latest `Crypt::SSLeay` can be found at your nearest CPAN, as well as . Once you have downloaded it, `Crypt::SSLeay` installs easily using the standard build process: perl Makefile.PL make make test make install On Windows systems, both Strawberry Perl and ActiveState (as a separate download via ppm) projects include a MingW based compiler distribution and dmake which can be used to build both OpenSSL and `Crypt::SSLeay`. If you have such a set up, use dmake above. Makefile.PL takes two optional arguments: * `--live-tests` : Boolean. Specifies whether we should try to connect to an HTTPS URL during testing. Default is false. To skip live tests, you can use perl Makefile.PL --no-live-tests and to force live tests, you can use perl Makefile.PL --live-tests * `--static` : Boolean. Default is false. (TODO: Does it work?) For unattended (batch) installations, to be absolutely certain that `Makefile.PL` does not prompt for questions on `STDIN`, set the environment variable `PERL_MM_USE_DEFAULT=1` as with any CPAN module built using `ExtUtils::MakeMaker`. ### Windows `Crypt::SSLeay` builds correctly with Strawberry Perl and ActiveState Perl using the bundled MinGW. For ActiveState Perl users, the ActiveState company does not have a permit from the Canadian Federal Government to distribute cryptographic software. This prevents `Crypt::SSLeay` from being distributed as a PPM package from their repository. See for more information on this issue. You may be able to download a PPM for `Crypt::SSLeay` from an alternative repository (see `PPM::Repositories`). ### VMS I do not have any experience with VMS. If OpenSSL headers and libraries are not in standard locations searched by your build system by default, please set things up so that they are. If you have generic instructions on how to do it, please open a ticket on RT with the information so I can add it to this document. ## Proxy Support `LWP::UserAgent` and `Crypt::SSLeay` have their own versions of proxy support. Please read these sections to see which one is appropriate. ### `LWP::UserAgent` proxy support `LWP::UserAgent` has its own methods of proxying which may work for you and is likely to be incompatible with `Crypt::SSLeay` proxy support. To use `LWP::UserAgent` proxy support, try something like: my $ua = LWP::UserAgent->new; $ua->proxy([qw( https http )], "$proxy_ip:$proxy_port"); At the time of this writing, libwww v5.6 seems to proxy https requests fine with an Apache mod_proxy server. It sends a line like: GET https://www.example.com HTTP/1.1 to the proxy server, which is not the `CONNECT` request that some proxies would expect, so this may not work with other proxy servers than mod_proxy. The `CONNECT` method is used by `Crypt::SSLeay`'s internal proxy support. ### `Crypt::SSLeay` proxy support For native `Crypt::SSLeay` proxy support of https requests, you need to set the environment variable `HTTPS_PROXY` to your proxy server and port, as in: # proxy support $ENV{HTTPS_PROXY} = 'http://proxy_hostname_or_ip:port'; $ENV{HTTPS_PROXY} = '127.0.0.1:8080'; Use of the `HTTPS_PROXY` environment variable in this way is similar to `LWP::UserAgent->env_proxy()` usage, but calling that method will likely override or break the `Crypt::SSLeay` support, so do not mix the two. Basic authentication credentials to the proxy server can be provided this way: # proxy_basic_auth $ENV{HTTPS_PROXY_USERNAME} = 'username'; $ENV{HTTPS_PROXY_PASSWORD} = 'password'; For an example of LWP scripting with `Crypt::SSLeay` native proxy support, please look at the `eg/lwp-ssl-test` script in the `Crypt::SSLeay` distribution. ## Client Certificate Support Client certificates are supported. PEM encoded certificate and private key files may be used like this: $ENV{HTTPS_CERT_FILE} = 'certs/notacacert.pem'; $ENV{HTTPS_KEY_FILE} = 'certs/notacakeynopass.pem'; You may test your files with the `eg/net-ssl-test` program, bundled with the distribution, by issuing a command like: perl eg/net-ssl-test -cert=certs/notacacert.pem \ -key=certs/notacakeynopass.pem -d GET $HOST_NAME Additionally, if you would like to tell the client where the CA file is, you may set these. $ENV{HTTPS_CA_FILE} = "some_file"; $ENV{HTTPS_CA_DIR} = "some_dir"; Note that, if specified, `$ENV{HTTPS_CA_FILE}` must point to the actual certificate file. That is, `$ENV{HTTPS_CA_DIR}` is *not* the path where `$ENV{HTTPS_CA_FILE}` is located. For certificates in `$ENV{HTTPS_CA_DIR}` to be picked up, follow the instructions on . There is no sample CA cert file at this time for testing, but you may configure `eg/net-ssl-test` to use your CA cert with the -CAfile option. (TODO: then what is the ./certs directory in the distribution?) ### Creating a test certificate To create simple test certificates with OpenSSL, you may run the following command: openssl req -config /usr/local/openssl/openssl.cnf \ -new -days 365 -newkey rsa:1024 -x509 \ -keyout notacakey.pem -out notacacert.pem To remove the pass phrase from the key file, run: openssl rsa -in notacakey.pem -out notacakeynopass.pem ### PKCS12 support The directives for enabling use of PKCS12 certificates is: $ENV{HTTPS_PKCS12_FILE} = 'certs/pkcs12.pkcs12'; $ENV{HTTPS_PKCS12_PASSWORD} = 'PKCS12_PASSWORD'; Use of this type of certificate takes precedence over previous certificate settings described. (TODO: unclear? Meaning "the presence of this type of certificate"?) ## SSL versions `Crypt::SSLeay` tries very hard to connect to *any* SSL web server accomodating servers that are buggy, old or simply not standards-compliant. To this effect, this module will try SSL connections in this order: * SSL v23 : should allow v2 and v3 servers to pick their best type * SSL v3 : best connection type * SSL v2 : old connection type Unfortunately, some servers seem not to handle a reconnect to SSL v3 after a failed connect of SSL v23 is tried, so you may set before using LWP or `Net::SSL`: $ENV{HTTPS_VERSION} = 3; to force a version 3 SSL connection first. At this time, only a version 2 SSL connection will be tried after this, as the connection attempt order remains unchanged by this setting. ## Acknowledgements many thanks to the following individuals who helped improve Crypt-SSLeay: * _Gisle Aas_ for writing this module and many others including libwww, for perl. The web will never be the same :) * _Ben Laurie_ deserves kudos for his excellent patches for better error handling, SSL information inspection, and random seeding. * _Dongqiang Bai_ for host name resolution fix when using a proxy. * _Stuart Horner_ of Core Communications, Inc. who found the need for building `--shared` OpenSSL libraries. * _Pavel Hlavnicka_ for a patch for freeing memory when using a pkcs12 file, and for inspiring more robust `read()` behavior. * _James Woodyatt_ is a champ for finding a ridiculous memory leak that has been the bane of many a `Crypt::SSLeay` user. * _Bryan Hart_ for his patch adding proxy support, and thanks to _Tobias Manthey_ for submitting another approach. * _Alex Rhomberg_ for Alpha linux ccc patch. * _Tobias Manthey_ for his patches for client certificate support. * _Daisuke Kuroda_ for adding PKCS12 certificate support. * _Gamid Isayev_ for CA cert support and insights into error messaging. * _Jeff Long_ for working through a tricky CA cert SSLClientVerify issue. * _Chip Turner_ for a patch to build under perl 5.8.0. * _Joshua Chamas_ for the time he spent maintaining the module. * _Jeff Lavallee_ for help with alarms on read failures (CPAN bug #12444). * _Guenter Knauf_ for significant improvements in configuring things in Win32 and Netware lands and Jan Dubois for various suggestions for improvements. and _many others_ who provided bug reports, suggestions, fixes and patches. ### TODO: Update acknowledgements list. ## See Also * `Net::SSL` If you have downloaded this distribution as of a dependency of another distribution, it's probably due to this module (which is included in this distribution). * `Net::SSLeay` Net::SSLeay provides access to the OpenSSL API directly from Perl. See . * OpenSSL binary packages for Windows, see . ## Support * For use of `Crypt::SSLeay` & `Net::SSL` with Perl's LWP, please send email to libwww@perl.org . * For OpenSSL or general SSL support, including issues associated with building and installing OpenSSL on your system, please email the OpenSSL users mailing list at openssl-users@openssl.org . See for other mailing lists and archives. * Please report all bugs at . ## Authors This module was originally written by Gisle Aas, and was subsequently maintained by Joshua Chamas, David Landgren, brian d foy, and A. Sinan Unur. ## Copyright Copyright © 2010-2012 A. Sinan Unur Copyright © 2006-2007 David Landgren Copyright © 1999-2003 Joshua Chamas Copyright © 1998 Gisle Aas ## License this program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of Artistic License 2.0. See .